Urginea indica · PhytoNexus

01 Identity and provenance

Accepted binomial: Urginea indica
Common names: Indian Squill
Family (APG IV): Asparagaceae
Part used: Bulb
Verification tier: Tier 1 · chemistry only Taxonomy, plant part and marker chemistry are populated and stable. The clinical columns are deliberately empty because no primary source has been retrieved for them yet. Interactions shown below are rule predictions from the constituent chemistry, not clinical findings.
Reviewer note (2026 audit): TIER 1 populated (name, family, part, constituent class, marker) - stable taxonomic/phytochemical facts. TIER 2 columns (analogue, application, brand, interactions, side effects) left blank BY DESIGN - populate only from retrieved primary literature. Do not use clinically until Tier 2 is filled and a reference is recorded.

02 Constituent chemistry

Chemical class	Marker compound	Synthetic analogue in use
Bufadienolides	Scillaren A Bulb	none listed

The analogue column is what makes the interaction reasoning tractable: where a constituent has a marketed structural counterpart, the counterpart's interaction profile is the starting hypothesis for the plant.

Looking up structures and physicochemical properties from PubChem…

03 Stated application

Left empty by design — this is a Tier 1 entry, and the clinical columns are only populated once a primary source has been retrieved for them.

04 Interaction matrix

Predicted from constituent chemistry

These edges are not clinical findings. Each one is a rule inference: a constituent class in this plant is known to act on a target that the drug class also acts on. They are shown because a blank cell reads as “safe”, and for a Tier 1 entry a blank cell only means “not yet looked at”. Treat them as a literature-search agenda, not as a warning.

Drug class	Severity	Mechanism type	Provenance	Expected effect
Antiarrhythmics Cardiovascular	4Contraindicated	PD-additive + electrolyte-mediated	predicted D	Proarrhythmia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, ventricular arrhythmi…	why ▾
Chemistry of this pair. Cardenolides and bufadienolides inhibit the sarcolemmal Na+/K+-ATPase directly, which is the same target as prescribed digitalis. Class mechanism. Botanicals that shift potassium or magnesium, block sodium or potassium channels, or prolong repolarisation add to class I and class III antiarrhythmic effects on an already unstable myocardium. Expected Proarrhythmia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, ventricular arrhythmia. Management Avoid. If unavoidable, baseline and follow-up ECG with QTc measurement plus potassium and magnesium correction. Onset rapid Evidence D - in silico rule prediction only Find evidence for this pair Map this mechanism
Cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin) Cardiovascular	4Contraindicated	PD-additive + PK-transporter + assay interference	predicted D	Nausea, xanthopsia, bradyarrhythmia, AV block, ventricular tachycardia an…	why ▾
Chemistry of this pair. Cardenolides and bufadienolides inhibit the sarcolemmal Na+/K+-ATPase directly, which is the same target as prescribed digitalis. Class mechanism. Cardenolide- and bufadienolide-bearing plants are themselves Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors, so co-administration is pharmacological overdose. Several also inhibit intestinal P-glycoprotein, raising digoxin exposure, and cross-react with digoxin immunoassays so that serum levels become uninterpretable. Expected Nausea, xanthopsia, bradyarrhythmia, AV block, ventricular tachycardia and death; falsely reassuring or falsely high assay results. Management Treat as an absolute contraindication. If exposure has occurred, manage on ECG and clinical grounds, not on assay values, and consult toxicology about digoxin-specific Fab. Onset rapid Evidence D - in silico rule prediction only Find evidence for this pair Map this mechanism
Diuretics Renal	4Contraindicated	PD-additive + electrolyte-mediated	predicted D	Hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, dehydration, muscle weakness, cramps, arrhyt…	why ▾
Chemistry of this pair. Cardenolides and bufadienolides inhibit the sarcolemmal Na+/K+-ATPase directly, which is the same target as prescribed digitalis. Class mechanism. Aquaretic and saluretic botanicals add to renal potassium and sodium loss. Anthraquinone laxatives compound this through colonic potassium loss, and glycyrrhizin causes mineralocorticoid-like retention of sodium with kaliuresis. Expected Hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, dehydration, muscle weakness, cramps, arrhythmia; potentiation of digoxin toxicity through low potassium. Management Check potassium, sodium and creatinine 1-2 weeks after starting. Avoid the combination entirely in patients also on digoxin. Onset rapid Evidence D - in silico rule prediction only Find evidence for this pair Map this mechanism

05 Hazard register

The audit recorded no hazard beyond the interaction profile. The controlled-vocabulary field reads not assessed, which means the assessment has not been done rather than that it came back clear.

06 Confusable material

These entries could be mistaken for this one in trade, in the herbarium, or in a prescription. Powdered material is often indistinguishable, so the check is macroscopic, microscopic and chromatographic rather than nominal.

Drimia maritima

European Squill

Asparagaceae

Shares the common name "squill"

07 Mechanism map

Chemistry sorts to the left, pharmacology to the right. Dashed edges are predicted. Drag nodes, scroll to zoom, export at 3× for a figure.

species

chemical class

marker compound

drug class

expected effect

hazard

08 Open literature

Abstract-scoped query built from this binomial, its common names and its marker compounds, run live against Europe PMC, PubMed and OpenAlex, then ranked locally against an evidence hierarchy.

Checking openFDA spontaneous reports…

09 Isomechanistic neighbours

Species whose interaction profile overlaps this one, ranked by shared severity weight rather than by count — a shared contraindication counts for more than a shared minor signal. Practical use: these are the plants you should not stack with this one, because the mechanisms summate.

Species	Family	Shared classes	Jaccard
Digitalis purpurea Foxglove	Plantaginaceae	3	1.00
Digitalis lanata Woolly Foxglove (Grecian Foxglove)	Plantaginaceae	3	1.00
Nerium oleander Kaner (Oleander)	Apocynaceae	3	1.00
Cascabela thevetia Yellow Oleander	Apocynaceae	3	1.00
Drimia maritima European Squill	Asparagaceae	3	1.00
Convallaria majalis Lily of the Valley	Asparagaceae	3	1.00

10 References and notes

No citation is on record for this entry. That is itself the finding: the audit flagged it, and it is why the entry does not carry an A evidence grade.

Curator notes

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